What is urinary tract calculus?
(Kidney Stones; Urinary Calculi; Urolithiasis) Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and may cause pain, bleeding, or an infection or block of the flow of urine. Tiny stones may cause no symptoms, but larger stones can cause excruciating pain in the area between the ribs and hips in the back.
What are the types of urinary calculi?
A kidney stone is a hard object that is made from chemicals in the urine. There are four types of kidney stones: calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine. A kidney stone may be treated with shockwave lithotripsy, uteroscopy, percutaneous nephrolithomy or nephrolithotripsy.
What is the composition of renal calculi?
The majority of renal calculi are made of calcium, followed by urare crystals. Supersaturation of the urine is the common denominator in all cases of renal calculi. In some cases, calcium oxalate stones may deposit in the renal papilla.
Can you pass gallstones in urine?
They cause a blockage in the gallbladder or the bile ducts. They cause pain when: They move through the urinary tract (into the ureter) and block the flow of urine. Gallstones cause pain in the mid-upper abdomen that may radiate to the back or under the right shoulder.
What causes urinary tract infections and where do they start?
Urinary tract infections typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder. Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic invaders, these defenses sometimes fail.
Can stress cause kidney stones?
Can stress cause kidney stones? Especially when combined with chronic dehydration, stress can trigger the formation of kidney stones. Stress overall can affect your kidneys. Stress can result in high blood pressure and high blood sugar, which can both affect the health of your heart and the kidneys.
What is urinary calculi & Removal?
For renal stones >2 cm, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with insertion of a nephroscope directly into the kidney, is the treatment of choice. For midureteral calculi, ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy is usually the treatment of choice. Shock wave lithotripsy is an alternative.
How many types of stone are there in the body?
There are four main types of kidney and ureteral stones – calcium, uric acid, struvite and cystine.
What to do about urinary calculi on staghorn stones?
STAGHORN STONES • The ideal management of staghorn calculi is threefold. First, complete surgical removal of the entire stone burden is essential. If all the infected material is not removed, urea-splitting bacteriuria may persist, leading to eventual stone regrowth.
What happens to calculi in the ureter and bladder?
Urinary calculi may remain within the renal parenchyma or renal collecting system or be passed into the ureter and bladder. During passage, calculi may irritate the ureter and may become lodged, obstructing urine flow and causing hydroureter and sometimes hydronephrosis. Common areas of lodgment include the following:
What are the calculi of an urinary tract infection?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi (struvite, infection calculi) indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection caused by urea-splitting bacteria (eg, Proteus species, Klebsiella species). The calculi must be treated as infected foreign bodies and removed in their entirety.
Which is the best treatment for renal calculi?
MANAGEMENT OF RENAL CALCULI • The goal of surgical stone management is to achieve maximal stone clearance with minimal morbidity to the patient. • Four minimally invasive treatment modalities are available for the treatment of kidney stones ESWL, PNL, retrograde ureteroscopic intrarenal surgery (RIRS), and laparoscopic stone surgery. 31